Petroleum University of Technology Iranian Journal of Oil and Gas Science and Technology 2345-2412 12 3 2023 07 01 Proximate Analysis and Metal Content Assessment of Crude Oil, Sindh-Pakistan 72 85 216440 10.22050/ijogst.2025.494605.1725 EN Aftab Hussain Khuhawar Institute of Advanced Research Studies in Chemical Sciences, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan Taj Muhammad Jahangir Khuhawar High Tech Central Resource Laboratory, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan, 0000-0001-8776-6778 Muhammad Yar Khuhawar Dr. M. A. Kazi Institute of Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan Muhammad Farooque Lanjwani Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China Faheem Yar Khuhawar Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China Journal Article 2024 12 18 <span style="line-height: 115%;">Fourteen crude oil samples were collected from different oil fields in the southeastern region of Pakistan and analyzed for pH, density, kinematic viscosity, saponification value, distillation range, and fourteen metal ions (Ca, Cd, Cu, Co, Cr, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn) using standard analytical procedures in accordance with ASTM methods. The metal ions were quantified by air–acetylene flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. Substantial variation in physicochemical properties and metal contents was observed among the different oil fields. The concentrations of V, Fe, Ca, and Ni were higher than those of the other elements. The metal ion data were further evaluated using correlation coefficient analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis, and principal component analysis.</span> https://ijogst.put.ac.ir/article_216440_6cb6f7c706c6b6e389155bffa54191cd.pdf