Proximate Analysis and Metal Content Assessment of Crude Oil, Sindh-Pakistan
Volume 12, Issue 3, Summer 2023, Pages 72-85
https://doi.org/10.22050/ijogst.2025.494605.1725
Aftab Hussain Khuhawar, Taj Muhammad Jahangir Khuhawar, Muhammad Yar Khuhawar, Muhammad Farooque Lanjwani, Faheem Yar Khuhawar
Abstract Fourteen crude oil samples were collected from different oil fields in the southeastern region of Pakistan and analyzed for pH, density, kinematic viscosity, saponification value, distillation range, and fourteen metal ions (Ca, Cd, Cu, Co, Cr, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn) using standard analytical procedures in accordance with ASTM methods. The metal ions were quantified by air–acetylene flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. Substantial variation in physicochemical properties and metal contents was observed among the different oil fields. The concentrations of V, Fe, Ca, and Ni were higher than those of the other elements. The metal ion data were further evaluated using correlation coefficient analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis, and principal component analysis.