ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Geochemical Appraisal of the Depositional Environment and Source Organic Matter of Crude Oils from Some Oil Fields in Bayelsa State, Nigeria
The organic geochemical characterization of crude oil samples from the oil fields of the Niger delta was carried out using gas chromatography–-mass spectrometry (GC–-MS) to genetically characterize the oil samples in terms of their biomarker composition. Geochemical characteristics such as depositional environments, kerogen type, and source of organic matter were analyzed using aliphatic biomarkers as a supporting tool. Five samples were randomly collected from Tebidaba, Clough Creek and Azuzuama fields in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. The saturated hydrocarbons were analyzed using GC–MS. The n-alkanes, isoprenoids, biomarkers hopanes, and steranes fingerprints were extracted from chromatogram for m/z 57, 191, 217 values respectively. The results revealed that the five studied samples were characterized by C29 sterane predominance and the presence of oleanane, depicting organic matter with vascular land plant material inputs and a deltaic contribution. Ternary plots showed that the oils were deposited in an estuarine environment. The pristane (Pr) /nC17 versus phytane (Ph)/nC18 showed that TEB 08 and WELL 2 are in the anoxic environment inferring kerogen II and a mixture of types I and II respectively. TEB 12, CCST, and AZU ST has kerogen type III deposited in an oxic environment.
https://ijogst.put.ac.ir/article_114291_b15a32e399011ce1688ae8e741c6cf6d.pdf
2020-07-01
1
10
10.22050/ijogst.2020.221306.1538
Biomarker
Depositional environment
Kerogen
Organic Matter Source
Charles
Oraegbunam
oray2k7@yahoo.com
1
M.S. Student, Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
LEAD_AUTHOR
Leo
Osuji
osujileo@yahoo.com
2
Professor, Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
AUTHOR
Mudiaga
Onojake
ononed@yahoo.com
3
Assistant Professor, Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
AUTHOR
Selegha
Abrakasa
sele.abrakasa@googlemail.com
4
Centre for Petroleum Geosciences, University of Port aharcourt
AUTHOR
Abrakasa, S., Newly Identified Molecular Marker Compound in Some Nigerian Oils, Nigeria Journal of Chemical Research, Vol. 11, p. 15–21, 2006.
1
Adedosu, P. A. and Sonibare, O. O., Characterization of Niger Delta Crude Oil by Infrared Spectroscopy, Journal of Applied Sciences, Vol. 5, No. 5, p. 906–909, 2005.
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Duan, Y., Zheng, C., and Wang, Z., Biomarker Geochemistry of Crude Oils from the Qaidam Basin, NW China, Journal of Petroleum Geology, Vol. 29, No. 2, p.175–188, 2006.
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Ekweozor, C. M., Okogun J. I., and Ekong D. E., Preliminary Organic Geochemical Studies of Samples from the Niger delta (Nigeria) I, Analyses of Crude Oils for Triterpanes, Chemical Geology, Vol. 27, No.1–2, p. 11–28, 1979.
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El Nady, M. M., Mohamed, N. S., and Sharaf, L. M., Geochemical and Biomarker Characteristics of Crude Oils and Source Rock Hydrocarbon Extracts: An Implication to their Correlation, Depositional Environment and Maturation in the Northern Western Desert, Egypt, Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, Vol. 25, No.2, p. 263–268, 2016.
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Mobarakabad, A., Bechtel, A., and Gratzer, R., Geochemistry and Origin of Crude Oils and Condensates from the Central Persian Gulf, Offshore Iran, Journal of Petroleum Geology, Vol. 34, p. 261–275, 2011.
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Wang, C., Du, J., Gao, X., Duan, Y., and Sheng, Y., Chemical Characterization of Naturally Weathered Oil Residues in the Sediment from Yellow River Delta, China: Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 62, p. 2469–2475, 2011.
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27
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Analyzing Single- and Two-parameter Models for Describing Oil Recovery in Imbibition from Fractured Reservoirs
The imbibition process is known as one of the main production mechanisms in fractured reservoirs where oil/gas-filled matrix blocks are surrounded by water-filled fractures. Different forces such as gravity and capillary play a role in production from a fractured reservoir during imbibition and complicate the imbibition process. In previous works, single-parameter models such as the Aronofsky model and Lambert W function were presented to model imbibition recovery from matrix blocks. The Aronofsky model underestimates early time recovery and overestimates late time recovery, and Lambert W function is suitable for water wet cases. In this work, a data bank of different experimental and numerical imbibition recovery curves at various rock and fluid properties were collected. Then, a rigorous analysis was performed on the models utilized to describe oil/gas recovery during the imbibition process. In addition to investigating the single-parameter models, two-parameter models used for dose-response modeling, including Weibull, beta-Poisson, and Logit models were examined. The results of this work demonstrate that using two-parameter models can improve the prediction of imbibition behavior. Moreover, among the two-parameter models, the Weibull has the capability to describe the imbibition process better. The Aronofsky model underestimates early time recovery and overestimates late time recovery, and Lambert W function is suitable for water wet cases. In this work, a data bank of different experimental and numerical imbibition recovery curves at various rock and fluid properties were collected. Then, a rigorous analysis was performed on the models utilized to describe oil/gas recovery during the imbibition process. In addition to investigating the single-parameter models, two-parameter models used for dose-response modeling, including Weibull, beta-Poisson, and Logit models were examined. The results of this work demonstrate that using two-parameter models can improve the prediction of imbibition behavior. Moreover, among the two-parameter models, the Weibull has the capability to describe the imbibition process better.
https://ijogst.put.ac.ir/article_114292_c124b024b79c1821af9a3e53330fa1e7.pdf
2020-07-01
11
25
10.22050/ijogst.2020.207829.1524
Aronofsky model
Dose-response Models
Lambert W Function
Matrix block
Mojtaba
Ghaedi
mojtaba.ghaedi@gmail.com
1
Assistant Professor, Department of Petroleum Engineering, School of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Sadegh
Ahmadpour
sadegh.ahmadpour96@gmail.com
2
M.S. Student, Department of Petroleum Engineering, School of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
AUTHOR
Abbasi, J., Riazi, M., Ghaedi, M., and Mirzaei-Paiaman, A., Modified Shape Factor Incorporating Gravity Effects for Scaling Countercurrent Imbibition, Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Vol. 150, p. 108–114, 2017.
1
Abbasi, J., Sarafrazi, S., Riazi, M., and Ghaedi, M., Improvements in Scaling of Counter-current Imbibition Recovery Curves Using a Shape Factor Including Permeability Anisotropy,Journal of Geophysics and Engineering, Vol. 15, p. 135–141, 2018.
2
Ardakany, M.S., Shadizadeh, S.R., and Masihi, M., A New Scaling Relationship for Water Imbibition Into the Matrix: Considering Fracture Flow, Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization and Environmental Effects, Vol. 36, p. 1267–1275, 2014.
3
Aronofsky, J.S., Massé, L., and Natanson, S.G., A Model for the Mechanism of Oil Recovery from the Porous Matrix Due to Water Invasion in Fractured Reservoirs, Society of Petroleum Engineering, Vol. 213, p. 17–19, 1958.
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6
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7
Fischer, H., Wo, S., and Morrow, N.R., Modeling the Effect of Viscosity Ratio on Spontaneous Imbibition, SPE Reservoir Evaluation and Engineering, Vol. 11, p. 577–589, 2008.
8
Fries, N. and Dreyer, M., An Analytic Solution of Capillary Rise Restrained by Gravity, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, Vol. 320, p. 259–263, 2008.
9
Ghaedi, M., Heinemann, Z.E., Masihi, M., and Ghazanfari, M.H., An Efficient Method for Determining Capillary Pressure and Relative Permeability Curves from Spontaneous Imbibition Data, Iranian Journal of Oil and Gas Science and Technology, Vol. 4, p. 1–17, 2015.
10
Ghaedi, M. and Riazi, M., Scaling Equation for Counter Current Imbibition in the Presence of Gravity Forces Considering Initial Water Saturation and Scale Properties, Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, Vol. 34, p. 934–947, 2016.
11
Ghasemi, F., Scaling of Spontaneous Imbibition in Fractured Gas Reservoirs, Shiraz University, 2018.
12
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Harimi, B., Masihi, M., Mirzaei-Paiaman, A., and Hamidpour, E., Experimental Study of Dynamic Imbibition During Water Flooding of Naturally Fractured Reservoirs, Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Vol. 174, p. 1–13, 2019.
14
Jafari, I., Masihi, M., and Zarandi, M.N., Numerical Simulation of Counter-current Spontaneous Imbibition in Water-wet Fractured Porous Media: Influences Of Water Injection Velocity, Fracture Aperture, and Grains Geometry, Physics of Fluids, Vol. 29, p. 1–8, 2017.
15
Jafari, I., Masihi, M., and Zarandi, M.N., Scaling of Counter-current Imbibition Recovery Curves Using Artificial Neural Networks, Journal of Geophysics and Engineering, Vol. 15, p. 1062–1070, 2018.
16
Kazemi, H., Gilman, J.R., and Elsharkawy, A.M., Analytical and Numerical Solution of Oil Recovery from Fractured Reservoirs with Empirical Transfer Functions, SPE Reservoir Evaluation and Engineering, Vol. 7, p. 219–227, 1992.
17
Li, K. and Horne, R.N., Characterization of Spontaneous Water Imbibition into Gas-saturated Rocks, SPE/AAPG Western Regional Meeting, Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2000.
18
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19
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20
Mirzaei-Paiaman, A., Analysis of Counter-current Spontaneous Imbibition in Presence of Resistive Gravity Forces: Displacement Characteristics and Scaling, Journal of Unconventional Oil and Gas Resources, Vol. 12, p. 68–86, 2015.
21
Mirzaei-Paiaman, A. and Masihi, M., Scaling Equations for Oil/Gas Recovery from Fractured Porous Media by Counter-current Spontaneous Imbibition: From Development to Application, Energy & Fuels, p. Vol. 27, p.4662–4676, 2013.
22
Mirzaei-Paiaman, A., Masihi, M., and Standnes, D.C., An Analytic Solution for the Frontal Flow Period in 1D Counter-current Spontaneous Imbibition into Fractured Porous Media Including Gravity and Wettability Effects, Transport in Porous Media, Vol. 89, p. 49–62, 2011.
23
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25
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26
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27
Standnes, D.C., A Single-parameter Fit Correlation for Estimation of Oil Recovery from Fractured Water-Wet Reservoirs, Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Vol. 71, p. 19–22, 2010b.
28
Toth, D.J.A., Gundlapalli, A. V., Schell, W.A., Bulmahn, K., Walton, T.E., Woods, C.W., Coghill, C., Gallegos, F., Samore, M.H., and Adler, F.R., Quantitative Models of the Dose-response and Time Course of Inhalational Anthrax in Humans, PLOS Pathogens, Vol. 9, p. 1–18, 2013.
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31
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32
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33
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Experimental Measurement of Equilibrium Surface Tension of an Aqueous Solution of Polyethylene Glycol and a Surfactant
A device is designed and constructed for measuring the equilibrium surface tension of water and a number of other solutions. The measured equilibrium surface tension of water, as a reference fluid, has good consistency with literature data. Moreover, the equilibrium surface tension of the aqueous solutions of surfactants and polymer composed of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), Triton CG-110, dimethyl di-dodecyl-ammonium bromide (DDAB), and polyethylene glycol (PEG) with different molecular weights of 200, 300, 400, and 600, as well as that of the ternary solutions of SDS/PEG/water, Triton CG-110/PEG/water, and DDAB/PEG/water at 293.15 K and atmospheric pressure are measured. The equilibrium surface tension of the aqueous solutions of PEG 600 are measured at 296.15 K because PEG 600 is solid at 293.15 K. The measured data are compared with the predictions of thermodynamic models, and the results show that Redlich-Kister (RK) model has the lowest error in predicting the experimental data.
https://ijogst.put.ac.ir/article_114629_a29b21140ae958e5b34c34cb026eada1.pdf
2020-07-01
26
43
10.22050/ijogst.2020.198631.1519
Equilibrium Surface Tension
Surfactants
polyethylene glycol
Thermodynamic Models
Fateme
Beiranvand
f.beiranvand64@gmail.com
1
Ph.D. Candidate, Petroleum University of Technology Ahwaz, Iran
AUTHOR
Seyed Hesam
Najibi
najibi@put.ac.ir
2
Professor, Department of Gas Engineering, Petroleum University of Technology, Ahwaz, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Bahram
Hashemi Shahraki
vahid.vasfi@gmail.com
3
Professor, Department of Gas Engineering, Petroleum University of Technology, Ahwaz, Iran
AUTHOR
Andreas, J.M., Hauser, E.A., and Tucker, W.B., Boundary Tension by Pendant Drops, Fifteenth Colloid Symposium, 1938.
1
Annunziata, O., Asherie, N., and Benedek, G.B., Effect of Polyethylene Glycol on the Liquid–liquid Phase Transition in Aqueous Protein Solutions, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 99, p. 14165–14170, 2002.
2
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Chen, J., Spear, S.K., Huddleston, J.G., and Rogers, R.D., Poly Ethylene Glycol and Solutions of Polyethylene Glycol as Green Reaction Media, Green Chemistry, Vol. 7, p. 64–82, 2005.
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17
Khazaei, A., Parhizgar, H., and Dehghani, M.R., the Prediction of Surface Tension of Ternary Mixtures at Different Temperatures using Artificial Neural Network, Iranian Journal of Oil & Gas Science and Technology, Vol. 3, No. 3, p. 47–61, 2014.
18
Lu, J.J., Yu, L.M., Cheung, W.W.Y., Goldthrope, I.A., Zuo, Y.Y., Policova, Z., Cox, P.N., Neumann, A.W., Poly(Ethylene Glycol) (PEG) Enhances Dynamic Surface Activity of a Bovine Lipid Extract Surfactant (BLES), Colloids and Surfaces B: Bio interfaces, Vol. 41, p. 145–151, 2005.
19
Marsh, K.N., a General Method for Calculating the Excess Gibbs Free Energy from Isothermal Vapor–Liquid Equilibria, Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, Vol. 9, p. 719–724, 1977.
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Ozkan, A., and Duzyol, S., Critical Solution Surface Tension for Liquid–Liquid Extraction, Separation and Purification Technology, Vol 76, p. 79–83, 2010.
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22
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Santos, B.M.S., Ferreira, A.G.M., and Fonseca, I.M.A., Surface and Interfacial Tensions of the Systems Water N-Butyl Acetate Methanol and Water N-Pentyl Acetate Methanol at 303.15 k, Fluid Phase Equilibria, Vol. 208, p. 1–21, 2003.
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26
Taylor, B.N., and Kuyatt, C.E., Guidelines for Evaluating and Expressing the Uncertainty of NIST Measurement Results, Adapted from NIST Technical Note 1297, 1994.
27
Urdan, T.C., Statistics in Plain English, Psychology Press, 2nd Edition, 2005.
28
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29
Yu, L.M., Lu, J.J., Chiu, I.W.Y., Leung, K.S., Chan, Y.W., Zhang, L., Policova, Z., Hair, M.L., Neumann, A.W., Poly(Ethylene Glycol) Enhances the Surface Activity of a Pulmonary Surfactant, Colloids and Surfaces B: Bio interfaces, Vol. 36, p. 167–176, 2004.
30
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Investigation into Mechanism of Hydrogen Induced Cracking Failure in Carbon Steel: A Case Study of Oil and Gas Industry
Abstract Although the hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) is recognized as one of the destructive modes for pipeline and component steels serving in sour environments, the behavior of the HIC is still not fully understood. On the other hand, although many efforts have been made to identify the effects of hydrogen on laboratory steel specimens, the study of actual industrial samples has received less attention. In this paper, we have studied the mechanism of the HIC in a damaged pipe of a real case study of the oil and gas industry (finger type slug catcher) using detection, characterization, and microstructural investigation methods. The detection of the HIC in the specimens by advanced ultrasonic techniques, failure analysis using tensile tests, chemical composition analysis, optical microscopy (OM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) techniques and their correlation with the microstructure, type, and morphology of the inclusions were conducted. The results indicated that the value of elements, especially carbon (0.13 wt %) and manganese (1.44 wt %), satisfies the requirement of API 5L specification. Furthermore, the inclusions, such as elongated manganese sulfide and spherical aluminum oxide, and the pearlite grains or the interfaces of the ferrite–pearlite phases played an essential role in the HIC phenomenon as nucleation and propagation places of cracks. It was also observed that HIC cracks were mostly initiated and propagated through the center or near the center of a cross-section of specimens. This region was a segregated zone where the center segregation of elements has occurred. Finally, we recognized a linear correlation between the HIC susceptibility and hardness value in steel, where by moving away from the cracks (1800 µm) to the crack edges, the hardness value increased significantly (179–203 HV), confirming the diffusion of hydrogen into hydrogen traps.
https://ijogst.put.ac.ir/article_114632_554956d5bfff9668891dd3cba1e7b56e.pdf
2020-07-01
44
60
10.22050/ijogst.2020.210113.1529
Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy
Finger Type Slug Catcher
Field Emission Scanning Electron
Microscopy Hydrogen Induced Cracking
Mohsen
Asadipoor
asadipour.mohsen@gmail.com
1
Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, IranMechanical and Industrial Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
AUTHOR
Ali
Pourkamali Anaraki
ali_pourkamali@sru.ac.ir
2
Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Javad
Kadkhodapour
j.kad@srttu.edu
3
Associate Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Seyed Mohammad Hosein
Sharifi
sharifi@put.ac.ir
4
Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Petroleum University of Technology, Abadan, Iran
AUTHOR
Afrooz
Barnoush
afrooz.barnoush@ntnu.no
5
Professor, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
AUTHOR
Asadipoor, M., Anaraki, A. P., Kadkhodapour, J., Sharifi, S. M. H., and Barnoush, A., Macro-and Microscale Investigations of Hydrogen Embrittlement in X70 Pipeline Steel by In-situ and Ex-Situ Hydrogen Charging Tensile Tests and In-situ Electrochemical Micro-cantilever Bending Test, Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 772, 138762p, 2020.
1
Aviles, J. Q., Alonso-Falleiros, N., and De Melo, H. G., Hydrogen Induced Cracking HIC Resistance in HSLA API 5L X65 E 5L X80 Steels, in OTC Brazil, Offshore Technology Conference, October, 2017.
2
Bai, P. P., Zhou, J., Luo, B. W., Zheng, S. Q., Wang, P. Y., and Tian, Y., Embrittlement of X80 Pipeline Steel in H2S Environment: Effect of Hydrogen Charging Time, Hydrogen-trapped State and Hydrogen Charging–releasing–recharging Cycles, International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials, Vol. 27, No.1, p. 63–73, 2020.
3
Beidokhti, B., Koukabi, AH., Dolati, A., Influences of Titanium and Manganese on High Strength Low Alloy SAW Weld Metal Properties, Mater Charact, Vol. 60, p. 225–33, 2009.
4
Esteban, P., Calleja, B., Astigarraga, V., and López, A., Stress Corrosion Cracking of Super duplex Stainless Steels for Use in H2S Containing Environments in Oil and Gas Production, in CORROSION 2019, NACE International, May, 2019.
5
Ghosh, G., Rostron, P., Garg, R., and Panday, A., Hydrogen Induced Cracking of Pipeline and Pressure Vessel Steels, A Review, Engineering Fracture Mechanics, Vol.199, p. 609–618, 2018.
6
Hejazi, D., Haq, AJ., Yazdipour, N., Dunne, DP., Calka, A., Barbaro, F., and Pereloma, EV., Effect of Manganese Content and Microstructure on The Susceptibility of X70 Pipeline Steel to Hydrogen Cracking, Mater Science Engineering A, Vol. 551, p. 40–49, 2012.
7
Mahajan, D. K., Singh, V., Arora, K. S., and Singh, R., Hydrogen Induced Blister Cracking and Mechanical Failure in X65 Pipeline Steels, 2019.
8
Mohtadi-Bonab, MA., Eskandari, M., A Focus on Different Factors Affecting Hydrogen Induced Cracking in Oil and Natural Gas Pipeline Steel, Engineering Failure Analysis, Vol. 79, p. 351–360, 2017.
9
Mohtadi-Bonab, MA., Szpunar, JA., Basu, R., and Eskandari, M., The Mechanism of Failure by Hydrogen Induced Cracking in an Acidic Environment for API 5L X70 Pipeline Steel, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 40, p.1096–107, 2015.
10
Moon, J., Choi, J., Han, S. K., Huh, S., Kim, S. J., Lee, C. H., and Lee, T. H., Influence of Precipitation Behavior on Mechanical Properties and Hydrogen Induced Cracking During Tempering of Hot-Rolled API Steel for Tubing, Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol.652, p.120–126, 2016.
11
Moon, J., Kim, SJ, and Lee, C., Role of Ca Treatment in Hydrogen Induced Cracking of Hot Rolled API Pipeline Steel in Acid Sour Media, Metals and Material International, Vol. 19, p. 45–8, 2013.
12
Moon, J., Park, C., and Kim, SJ., Influence of Ti Addition on The Hydrogen Induced Cracking of API 5L X70 Hot-rolled Pipeline Steel in Acid Sour Media, Metals and Material International, Vol. 18, p. 613–7, 2012.
13
Raude, A., Bouchard, M., and Sirois, M., Stress Corrosion Cracking Direct Assessment of Carbon Steel Pipeline Using Advanced Eddy Current Array Technology, in CORROSION 2018, NACE International, 2018.
14
Roccisano, A., Nafisi, S., and Ghomashchi, R., Stress Corrosion Cracking Observed in Ex-Service Gas Pipelines: A Comprehensive Study, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, Vol.51, No.1, p.167–188, 2020.
15
Schneider, C., An Investigation into Hydrogen-induced Cracking and Delamination, 2019.
16
Tetelman, AS., and Robertson, WD., The Mechanism of Hydrogen Embrittlement Observed in Iron-silicon Single Crystals, Transactions of the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Vol. 224, p. 775–83, 1962.
17
Venegas, V., Caleyo, F., Herrera, O., Hernández-Sánchez, J., and Hallen, JM., Crystallographic Texture Helps Reduce Hydrogen Induced Cracking in Pipeline Steels, International Journal of Electrochemical Science, Vol. 9, p. 418–25, 2014.
18
Yu, Z., Chen, J., Yan, H., Xia, W., Su, B., Gong, X., and Guo, H., Degradation, Stress Corrosion Cracking Behavior and Cytocompatibility of High Strain Rate Rolled Mg-Zn-Sr Alloys, Materials Letters, Vol.260, p.126920, 2020.
19
Zapffe, C., and Sims, CE., Hydrogen Embrittlement, Internal Stress and Defects in Steel, Transamerican INS Min Metal Engineering, Vol. 145, p. 225–32, 1941.
20
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Projection Friction Stir Spot Welding: A New Welding Technique for Creating Safe and Reliable Aluminum Welds
A novel friction stir welding method called projection friction stir spot welding (PFSSW) was introduced to produce safe and reliable welds by using a pinless tool and a specially-designed projection on the surface of a backing anvil. This projection along with the tool rotation speed plays an important role in having a reliable joint with excellent mechanical properties and good surface appearance. This welding technique can be widely developed in oil and gas, as well as in automotive, aerospace, and transportation, industry. The effect of tool rotation speed (1000, 1600, 2000 rpm) on the hardness, microstructure, and mechanical properties of 2024 aluminum alloy sheets was investigated. The surface appearance of the welding zone showed that the keyhole was not formed, and the appearance of the weld was almost smooth. Fracture surfaces of the failed specimens present the interfacial fracture at the tool rotation speed of 1000 rpm and circumferential fracture at tool rotation speed of 1600 and 2000 rpm.
https://ijogst.put.ac.ir/article_115373_377b93de266dfa5ae60454a2349b8beb.pdf
2020-07-01
61
76
10.22050/ijogst.2020.208981.1527
Friction stir spot welding
Mechanical properties
Microstructure
Oil and gas industry
Ali
Arabzadeh
a.arabzadeh1@yahoo.com
1
Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Materials and Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran
AUTHOR
Seyed Mostafa
Mousavizade
sm.mosavizade@gonabad.ac.ir
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Gonabad, Gonabad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Bahman
Korojy
b.korojy@hsu.ac.ir
3
Assistant Professor, Department of Materials and Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran
AUTHOR
Seyed Alireza
Hosseini
sar.hosseini@hsu.ac.ir
4
Assistant Professor, Department of Materials and Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran
AUTHOR
Badarinarayan, H., Yang Q., and Zhu S., Effect of Tool Geometry on Static Strength of Friction Stir Spot-welded Aluminum Alloy, International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, Vol. 49, No. 2, p. 142–148, 2009.
1
Baek, S.W., Choi, D.H., Lee, C.Y., Ahn, B.W., Yeon, Y.M., Song, K., and Jung, S.B., Structure–properties Relations in Friction Stir Welded Low Carbon Steel Sheets for Light Weight Automobile Body, Materials Transactions, Vol. 51, p. 399–403, 2010.
2
Bakavos, D. and Prangnell, P., Effect of Reduced or Zero Pin Length and Anvil Insulation on Friction Stir Spot Welding Thin Gauge 6111 Automotive Sheet, Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, Vol. 14, No. 5, p. 443–456, 2009.
3
Bozkurt, Y., Salman, S., Cam, G., Effect of Welding Parameters on Lap Shear Tensile Properties of Dissimilar Friction Stir Spot Welded AA5754-H22/2024-T3 Joints, Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, Vol. 18, No. 4, p. 337–345, 2013.
4
Chu, Q., Yang, X., Li, W., Li, Y.B., Microstructure and Mechanical Behavior of Pinless Friction Stir Spot Welded AA2198 Joints. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, Vol. 21, No. 3, p. 164–170, 2016.
5
Cox, CD., Gibson, BT., Delapp, DR., Straus, AM., Cook, GE., A Method for Double-sided Friction Stir Spot Welding, Journal of Manufacturing Processes, Vol. 16, No. 2, p. 241–247, 2014.
6
Dourandish, S., Mousavizade, S M., Ezatpour, H R., Ebrahimi, G.R., Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Failure Behavior of Protrusion Friction Stir Spot Welded 2024 Aluminum Alloy Sheets, Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, Vol. 23, No. 4, p. 295–307, 2018.
7
Farmanbar, N., Mousavizade, SM., Ezatpour, HR., Achieving Special Mechanical Properties with Considering Dwell Time of AA5052 Sheets Welded by a Simple Novel Friction Stir Spot Welding, Marine Structures, Vol. 65, p. 197–214, 2019.
8
Fujimoto, M., Koga, S., Abe, N., Sato, Y.S., Kokawa, H., Microstructural Analysis of Stir Zone of Al Alloy Produced by Friction Stir Spot Welding, Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, Vol. 13, No. 7, p. 663–670, 2008.
9
Gerlich, A., Avramovic-Cingara, G., North T., Stir Zone Microstructure and Strain Rate During Al7075-T6 Friction Stir Spot Welding, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A., Vol. 37, p. 2773–2786, 2006.
10
Goodarzi, M., Marashi, S., Pouranvari, M., Dependence of Overload Performance on Weld Attributes for Resistance Spot Welded Galvanized Low Carbon Steel, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 209, No. 9, p. 4379–84, 2009.
11
Hieh, MJ., Chiou, Y C., Lee, RT., Friction Stir Spot Welding of Low-carbon Steel Using an Assembly-embedded Rod Tool, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 224, p. 149–155, 2015.
12
Hovanski, Y., Santella, ML. Grant, GJ., Friction Stir Spot Welding of Hot-stamped Boron Steel, Scripta Materialia, Vol. 57, p. 873–876, 2007.
13
Kano Y., Spot Joining Method and Spot Joining Device, Google Patents, 2004.
14
Karthikeyan, R., Balasubramanian, V., Predictions of the Optimized Friction Stir Spot Welding Process Parameters for Joining AA2024 Aluminum Alloy Using RSM, International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 51, p. 173–83, 2009.
15
Khan, M.I., Kuntz, M.L., Su, P., Gerlich, A., North, T., Zhou, Y., Resistance and Friction Stir Spot Welding of DP600: A Comparative Study, Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, Vol. 12, p. 175–182, 2007.
16
Khodabakhshi, F., Kazeminezhad, M., Kokabi, A., Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Resistance Spot Welded Severely Deformed Low Carbon Steel, Materials Science and Engineering A., Vol. 529, No. 1, p. 237–245, 2011.
17
Mahmoud, TS., Khalifa, TA., Microstructural and Mechanical Characteristics of Aluminum Alloy AA5754 Friction Stir Spot Welds, Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, Vol. 23, p. 898–905, 2014.
18
Mishra, Rajiv, De, Partha S., Kumar, Nilesh, Friction Stir Welding and Processing Science and Engineering, 2014.
19
Mishra, RS. ZY, M., Friction Stir Welding and Processing, Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 50, p. 1–78, 2005.
20
Mousavizade, S M., Pouranvari, M., Projection Friction Stir Spot Welding: A Pathway to Produce Strong Keyhole-free Welds, Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, Vol. 24, No. 3, p. 256–262, 2019.
21
Nadan, R., Debroy, T., Bhadeshia, H., Recent Advances in Friction-stir Welding – process, Weldment Structure and Properties, Progress in Materials Science, Vol. 53, p. 980–1023, 2008.
22
Paidar, M., Khodabandeh, A., Najafi, H., Roughaghdam, Sabour, A., Effects of The Tool Rotational Speed and Shoulder Penetration Depth on Mechanical Properties and Failure Modes of Friction Stir Spot Welds of Aluminum 2024-T3 Sheets, Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, Vol. 28, No. 12, p. 4893–4898, 2014.
23
Paidar, M., Khodabandeh, A., Sarab, M., Taheri, M., Effect of Welding Parameters (Plunge Depths of Shoulder, Pin Geometry, and Tool Rotational Speed) on the Failure Mode and Stir Zone Characteristics of Friction Stir Spot Welded Aluminum 2024-T3 Sheets, Journal of Mechanical Science & Technology, Vol. 29, No. 11, p. 4639–4644, 2015.
24
Piccini, J.M., Svoboda, H.G., Effect of Pin Length on Friction Stir Spot Welding of Dissimilar Aluminum–steel Joints, Procedia Materials. Science, Vol. 9, p. 504–513, 2015.
25
Pouranvari, M., Marashi, S., On The Failure of Low Carbon Steel Resistance Spot Welds in Quasi-static Tensile–shear Loading, Materials & Design, Vol. 31, No. 8, p. 3647–3652, 2010.
26
Pouranvari, M., Marashi, S., Critical Review of Automotive Steels Spot Welding: Process, Structure and Properties, Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, Vol. 18, p. 361–403, 2013.
27
Pouranvari, M., Marashi, S., Factors Affecting Mechanical Properties of Resistance Spot Welds, Materials Science & Technology, Vol. 26, p. 1137–44, 2010.
28
Sergio, T., Amancio, F., Ana, P., Camillo, C., Luciano, B., Jorge, F., Santos, D., Sebastiano, E., Kury, Nelson, G. A., Machado, Preliminary Investigation of the Microstructure and Mechanical Behavior of 2024 Aluminum Alloy Friction Spot Welds, Materials Transactions, Vol. 52, No. 5, p. 985–91, 2011.
29
Shahrabadi, AR., Mousavizade, SM., Ezatpour, HR., Pouranvari, M., Achieving High Mechanical Performance in Protrusion Friction Stir Spot Welding (PFSSW) of DQSK Steel Compared to Other Techniques, Materials Research Express, Vol. 5, No. 10, Article ID. 106519, DOI: 10.1088/2053-1591/Aada37, 2018.
30
Song, X., Ke, L., Xing, L., Liu, F., Huang, C., Effect of Plunge Speeds on Hook Geometries and Mechanical Properties in Friction Stir Spot Welding of A6061-T6 Sheets, International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 71, p. 2003–2010, 2014.
31
Specification for Automotive Weld Quality Resistance Spot Welding of Aluminum, AWS D8.2M, New York: American National Standard, 2017.
32
Sun, YF., Fujii, H., Takaki, N., Okitsu, Y., Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Dissimilar Al Alloy/Steel Joints Prepared by a Flat Spot Friction Stir Welding Technique, Materials & Design, Vol. 47, p. 350–357, 2013.
33
Tavasolizadeh, A., Marashi, S., Pouranvari, M., Mechanical Performance of Three Thickness Resistance Spot Welded Low Carbon Steel. Materials Science & Engineering, Vol. 27, No.1, p. 219–224, 2011.
34
Tozaki, Y., Uematsu, Y., Tokaji, K., Effect of Tool Geometry on Microstructure and Static Strength in Friction Stir Spot Welded Aluminum Alloys, International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, Vol. 47, p. 2230–2236, 2007.
35
Venukumar, S., Baby, B., Muthukumaran, S., Kailas, S.V., Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of Walking Friction Stir Spot Welded AA6061-T6 Sheets, Procedia Materials Science, Vol. 6, p. 656–665, 2014.
36
Venukumar, S., Yalagi, S., Muthukumaran, S., Kailas S.V., Static Shear Strength and Fatigue Life of Refill Friction Stir Spot Welded AA6061-T6 Sheets, Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, Vol. 19, No. 3, p. 214–223, 2014.
37
Wenya, L., Jinfeng, L., Zhihan, Z., Dalu, G., Improving Mechanical Properties of Pinless Friction Stir Spot Welded Joints by Eliminating Hook Defect, Materials & Design, Vol. 62, p. 247–254, 2014.
38
Yamamoto, M., Gerlich, A., North, T.H., Shinozaki K., Cracking and Local Melting in Mg-alloy and Al-alloy During Friction Stir Spot Welding, Welding World, Vol. 52, No. 9–10, p. 38–46, 2013.
39
Yang, XW., Fu, T., Li, W.Y., Friction Stir Spot Welding: A Review on Joint Macro- and Microstructure, Property, and Process Modeling, Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, [Cited 2014 June 25];[11P.], DOI:10.1155/2014/697170, 2014.
40
Yuan, W., Mishra, R.S., Webb, S., Chen Y.L., Carlson, B., Herling, D.R., Grant G.J., Effect of Tool Design and Process Parameters on Properties of Al Alloy 6016 Friction Stir Spot Welds, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 211, p. 972–977, 2011.
41
Zarghani, F., Mousavizade, S M., Ezatpour, H R., Ebrahimi G.R., High Mechanical Performance of Similar Al Joints Produced by A Novel Spot Friction Welding Technique, Vacuum, Vol. 147, p. 172–186, 2018.
42
Zhengwei, Li., Shuangsheng, G., Shude, J., Yumei, Y., Peng C., Effect of Rotational Speed on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Refill Friction Stir Spot Welded 2024 Al Alloy, Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, Vol. 25, No. 4, p. 1673–1682, 2016.
43
Zhiwu, X., Zhengwei, L., Shude, J., Zhang, L., Refill Friction Stir Spot Welding of 5083-O Aluminum Alloy, Materials Science and Technology, Vol. 34, No. 5, p. 878–885, 2018.
44
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Mass Transfer Modeling of CO2 Absorption into Blended Aqueous MDEA–PZ Solution
In this research, the rate of CO2 absorption into methyl diethanolamine–piperazine (MDEA–PZ) solution was investigated. To model the mass transfer flux in the reactive absorption processes, the dimensionless parameters of the process were obtained using the Buckingham Pi theorem and considering the effective parameters in mass transfer. The CO2 mass transfer flux in the reactive absorption process depends on the mass transfer parameters of both the liquid and gas phases. Based on the dimensionless parameters obtained, a correlation is proposed to calculate the mass transfer flux of acidic gases in MDEA–PZ solutions. The mass transfer flux in the reactive absorption process is modeled based on the four laws of chemical equilibrium, phase equilibrium, mass balance, and charge balance. Experimental data from the literature were used to determine the constants of the derived correlation as a function of dimensionless parameters. In the provided correlation, the effects of dimensionless parameters including film parameter, CO2 loading, ratio of diffusion coefficients in the gas–liquid phase, CO2 partial to total pressure, and film thickness ratio as well as factors such as temperature, the number of free amines in the solution, the partial pressure of CO2, on the CO2 mass transfer flux were investigated. According to the results, the absorption rate decreases with increasing CO2 loading and film parameter, and the mean absolute deviation is about 3.6%, which indicates the high accuracy of the correlation.
https://ijogst.put.ac.ir/article_115401_c7385fccf8880567359ff53235b62fff.pdf
2020-07-01
77
101
10.22050/ijogst.2020.222615.1540
CO2
MDEA–PZ Solution
Buckingham Pi Theorem
Mass Transfer Flux
loading
Fahimeh
Mirzaei
f_mirzaee88@yahoo.com
1
M.S. Student, School of Chemical, Petroleum, and Gas Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 16846-13114, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Ahad
Ghaemi
aghaemi@iust.ac.ir
2
Associate Professor, School of Chemical, Petroleum, and Gas Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 16846-13114, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Alhseinat, E., Mota-Martinez, M., Peters, C., and Banat, F., Incorporating Pitzer Equations in a New Thermodynamic Model for the Prediction of Acid Gases Solubility in Aqueous Alkanolamine Solutions. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 20, 241–249, 2014.
1
Awais, M., Determination of the Mechanism of the Reaction between CO2 and Alkanolamines , Master’s Thesis, Institutt for kjemisk Prosessteknologi, 2013.
2
Bishnoi, S. and Rochelle, G. T., Absorption of Carbon Dioxide in Aqueous Piperazine/Methyldiethanolamine, AIChE Journal, Vol.48, No, 12, 2788–2799, 2002.
3
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4
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8
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9
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10
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12
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13
Ghaemi, A., Mass Transfer Modeling of CO2 Absorption into Blended MDEA-MEA Solution, Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Vol.54, p.111–128, 2020.
14
Ghaemi, A.; Hashemzadeh, A.; Shahhosseini, S., An Experimental Investigation of Reactive Absorption of Carbon Dioxide into an Aqueous NH3/H2O/NaOH Solution, Iranian Journal of Oil and Gas Science and Technology, Vol.6, p.55–67, 2017.
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16
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17
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22
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29
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Identifying Gas-bearing Carbonate Reservoir Using Extended Elastic Impedance
It is difficult to identify the carbonate reservoirs by using conventional seismic reflection data, especially in cases where the reflection coefficient of the gas-bearing zone is close to that of the carbonate background. In such cases, the extended elastic impedance (EEI) as a seismic reconnaissance attribute with the ability to predict fluids and lithology can be used. It allows for a better distinction between seismic anomaly caused by lithology and the one caused by the fluid content. The EEI attribute extends the available reflection angles and applies different weights to the intercept and gradient values so as to extract the petrophysical properties of the rock at a specific incident angle. Using the EEI attribute, we can estimate the elastic parameters such as shear impedance; the ratio of the compressional velocity to shear velocity; Poisson’s ratio; and bulk, Lame, and shear moduli, and petrophysical properties, including porosity, clay content, and water saturation. The known reservoirs in the study area are three oil-bearing formations namely, Surmeh (Arab), Gadvan (Buwaib), and Dariyan (Shuaiba), and three gas-bearing formations, including Kangan, Dalan, and Faraghan. The Dehram group is composed of Kangan (Triassic), Dalan, and Faraghan (Permian) formations. Permian carbonates of Kangan–Dalan and its equivalent Khuff have regionally been developed as a thick carbonate sequence in the southern Persian Gulf region. In this paper, parameters 𝜆𝑝 and 𝜇𝜌 extracted from the EEI method are used to characterize a carbonate reservoir. Our results show that the EEI can highlight the difference between the reservoir and non-reservoir formation to identify the gas-bearing areas.
https://ijogst.put.ac.ir/article_115495_c6f723e5e1f9a8043f5a99dbc2afefa3.pdf
2020-07-01
102
115
10.22050/ijogst.2020.218837.1535
Extended Elastic Impedance
Inversion
Carbonate Reservoirs
Gas-bearing
Hessam
MansouriSiahgoli
hessam.mansouri@ut.ac.ir
1
Ph.D. Candidate, Institute of Geophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad Ali
Riahi
mariahi@ut.ac.ir
2
Professor, Institute of Geophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Bahare
Heidari
b_heidari909@yahoo.com
3
M.S. Student, Institute of Geophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Reza
Mohebian
mohebian@alumni.ut.ac.ir
4
Geophysics Expert, KPE Co., Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
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