ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Removal of H2S and Mercaptan from Outlet Gases of Kermanshah Refinery Using Modified Adsorbents (Bentonite and Sludge)
In this work, adsorbents, namely bentonite and sludge, modified by iron and copper were used to remove the H2S and mercaptan from Kermanshah refinery. The used adsorbents are inexpensive materials, which substantially decrease the operational costs. The structure of the adsorbents was analyzed using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The effects of gas and flow rate on the H2S and mercaptan removal were also studied. The results indicated that the bentonite modified by iron has a high capacity for removing H2S (32.256 mg/g) and mercaptan (0.98 mg/g). Moreover, the adsorption capacity of the sludge modified by copper for removing H2S and mercaptan was 11.18 and 0.81 mg/g respectively. Furthermore, by increasing the flow rate and concentration of H2S and mercaptan, H2S and mercaptan concentrations in the sludge output gas increased, but no considerable change was observed in the bentonite output gas.
https://ijogst.put.ac.ir/article_89930_1e151fd734012f09ce0eb2c8a3e5adaa.pdf
2019-04-01
1
14
10.22050/ijogst.2018.110934.1429
Gas Sweetening
Bentonite
Sludge
Adsorption
H2
and Mercaptan
Omid
Jalalvandi
omidjalalvandi@gmail.com
1
Assistant Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran
AUTHOR
Firooz
Kheradmand
firoozkheradmand@yahoo.com
2
M.S. Student, Department of Chemical Engineering, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran
AUTHOR
Farhad
Salimi
f.salimi@iauksh.ac.ir
3
Assistant Professor, Department of Chemistry, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Farhad
Golmohammadi
golmohammadifarhad@gmail.com
4
Assistant Professor, Department of Chemistry, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran
AUTHOR
Alonso-Vicario A., Ochoa-Gómez J.R., Gil-Río S., Gómez-Jiménez-Aberasturi O., Ramírez-López C., and Torrecilla-Soria J., Purification and Upgrading of Biogas by Pressure Swing Adsorption on Synthetic and Natural Zeolites, Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, Vol. 134, No. 1, p. 100-7, 2010.
1
Ansari A., Bagreev A., and Bandosz T.J., Effect of Adsorbent Composition on H2S Removal on Sewage Sludge-based Materials Enriched with Carbonaceous Phase, Carbon, Vol. 43, No. 5, p. 1039-48, 2005.
2
Bagreev A., Bandosz T.J., H2S Adsorption/Axidation on Unmodified Activated Carbons: Importance Of Pre-humidification, Carbon, Vol. 39, No. 15, p. 2303-2311, 2001.
3
Bandosz T.J., Activated Carbon Surfaces in Environmental Remediation, Academic Press, 2006.
4
Barea E., Montoro C., Navarro J.A., Toxic Gas Removal–metal–organic Frameworks for The Capture and Degradation of Toxic Gases and Vapors, Chemical Society Reviews, Vol. 43, No. 16, p. 5419-5430, 2014.
5
Chou T.C., Lin T.Y., Hwang B.J., Wang C.C., Selective Removal of H2S from Biogas by a Packed Silica Gel Adsorber Tower, Biotechnology Progress, Vol. 2, No. 4, p. 203-9, 1986.
6
Elseviers W., Verelst H., Transition Metal Oxides for Hot Gas Desulfurization, Fuel, Vol. 78, No. 5, p. 601-612, 1999.
7
Gates B.C., Katzer J.R., Schuit G.C., Chemistry of Catalytic Processes, Mcgraw-Hill College, 1979.
8
Lee H., Kang M., Rhee Y., Effect Of Fe2O3 Additive on Reactivities of Cuo-Based Sorbents, The 7th International Joint Symposium of Beijing University of Chemical Technology and Chungnam National University, Beijing, China, 2001.
9
Masindi V., Gitari M.W., Tutu H., Debeer M., Efficiency of Ball Milled South African Bentonite Clay for Remediation of Acid Mine Drainage, Journal of Water Process Engineering, Vol. 8, No.,p. 227-240, 2015.
10
Melo D.M.D.A., De Souza J., Melo M.A.D.F., Martinelli A.E., Cachima G.H.B., Cunha J.D.D., Evaluation of The Zinox and Zeolite Materials as Adsorbents to Remove H2S from Natural Gas, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, Vol. 272, No. 1, p. 32-6, 2006.
11
Mohamadi M., Salimi F., Sadeghi S., Reduction of Oil, COD and Turbidity of Kermanshah Oil Refinery Effluent Using Modified Nano-zeolite by Bismuth and Iron, Desalination and Water Treatment (Just Accepted),Vol. 97, p. 151-157, 2017.
12
Mohammadian M., Khosravi-Nikou M.R., Shariati A., Aghajani M., Model Fuel Desulfurization and Denitrogenation Using Copper and Cerium Modified Mesoporous Material (MSU-S) Through Adsorption Process, Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, Vol. 20 , No. 1, p. 1-18, 2017.
13
Nielsen L., Zhang P., Bandosz T.J., Adsorption of Carbamazepine on Sludge/fish Waste Derived Adsorbents: Effect of Surface Chemistry and Texture, Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 267, No., p. 170-81, 2015.
14
Ozekmekci M., Salkic G., Fellah M.F., Use of Zeolites for The Removal of HS: A Mini-review, Fuel Processing Technology, Vol. 139, No., p. 49-60, 2015.
15
Rashidi S., Khosravi Nikou M.R., Anvaripour B., Hamoule T., Removal of Sulfur and Nitrogen Compounds from Diesel Fuel Using MSU-S, Iranian Journal of Oil & Gas Science and Technology, Vol. 4, No. 1, p. 1-16, 2015.
16
Salimi F., Eskandari M., Karami C., Investigation of Methylene Blue Adsorption In Wastewater Using Nanozeolite Modified by Copper, Desalination And Water Treatment,Vol. 85, No., p. 206-214, 2017.
17
Sasanipour J., Shariati A., Aghajani M., Khosravi-Nikou M., Dibenzothiophene Removal from Model Fuel Using an Acid Treated Activated Carbon, Petroleum Science and Technology,Vol., No., p. 1-8, 2017.
18
Truong L.A., Abatzoglou N., A H2S Reactive Adsorption Process for The Purification of Biogas Prior to Its Use as A Bioenergy Vector, Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol. 29, No. 2, p. 142-51, 2005.
19
Tsai J.H., Jeng F.T., Chiang H.L., Removal of H2S from Exhaust Gas by Use of Alkaline Activated Carbon, Adsorption, Vol. 7, No. 4, p. 357-66, 2001.
20
Xiao Y., Wang S., Wu D., Yuan Q., Experimental and Simulation Study of Hydrogen Sulfide Adsorption on Impregnated Activated Carbon Under Anaerobic Conditions, Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 153, No. 3, p. 1193-200, 2008.
21
Yuan W., Bandosz T.J., Removal Of Hydrogen Sulfide From Biogas on Sludge-derived Adsorbents, Fuel, Vol. 86, No. 17, p. 2736-46, 2007.
22
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Amplitude Variation with Offset Inversion Analysis in One of the Western Oilfields of the Persian Gulf
Reservoir characterization has a leading role in the reservoir geophysics and reservoir management. Since the interests of the reservoir geophysics and reservoir managements are the elastic properties and reservoir properties of the subsurface rock for their purposes, a robust method is required for converting seismic data into elastic properties. Accordingly, by employing a rock physics model and using the inverted seismic data, one can describe the reservoir for purposes such as improvement in the production of the reservoir. In the present study, we employ one of the methods for converting the seismic data into the elastic properties. This method of inversion is known as simultaneous inversion, which is grouped in amplitude-variation-with-offset (AVO) inversion category. In this method, unlike the other methods of AVO inversion, the pre-stack seismic data are directly inverted into the elastic properties of the rock and an excellent lithology and fluid indicator (VP/VS) are provided. Then, this indicator is tested on one of the oilfields of the Persian Gulf. Moreover, by means of this method, one can locate the fluids contact and the lithological interlayers; also, by the inversion results, which are the cubes of the seismic properties of the rock, one can generate sections of the elastic properties of the rock such as Poisson’s ratio and Young modulus which are useful for geomechanical analysis. Therefore, this kind of method is a quick way for the prior analysis of the studied area.
https://ijogst.put.ac.ir/article_89934_d774e6ce97fb6df09c2ffa0f67d236d9.pdf
2019-04-01
15
33
10.22050/ijogst.2018.125135.1444
AVO inversion
simultaneous inversion
Elastic properties
Reservoir characterization
Benyamin
Khadem
benyamin_khadem@aut.ac.ir
1
M.S. Student, Department of Petroleum Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Abdolrahim
Javaherian
javaherian@aut.ac.ir
2
1-Professor, Department of Petroleum Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran 2-Professor, Institute of Geophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Aki, K. and Richards, P. G., Quantitative Seismology, Theory and Methods, 948 p, WH Freeman and Co, 2002.
1
Avseth, P., Janke, A., and Horn, F., AVO Inversion in Exploration-Key Learnings from a Norwegian Sea Prospect, The Leading Edge, Vol. 35, p. 405-414, 2016.
2
Ball, V., Nasser, M., and Kolbjørnsen, O., Introduction to This Special Section: AVO Inversion, The Leading Edge, Vol. 35, p. 399-404, 2016.
3
Buland, A. and Omre, H., Bayesian Linearized AVO Inversion, Geophysics, Vol. 68, p. 185-198, 2003.
4
Cambois, G., AVO Inversion and Elastic Impedance, SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts, Society of Exploration Geophysicists, p. 142-145, 2000.
5
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6
Cooke, D. and Cant, J., Model-based Seismic Inversion: Comparing Deterministic and Probabilistic Approaches, CSEG Recorder, Vol.35, p. 29-39, 2010.
7
Fatti, J. L., Smith, G. C., Vail, P. J., Strauss, P. J., and Levitt, P. R., Detection of Gas in Sandstone Reservoirs Using AVO Analysis: A 3-D Seismic Case History Using the Geo-stack Technique, Geophysics, Vol.59, p. 1362-1376, 1994.
8
Gardner, G., Gardner, L., and Gregory, A., Formation Velocity and Density: The Diagnostic Basics for Stratigraphic Traps, Geophysics, Vol.50, p. 2085-2095, 1985.
9
Ghazban, F., Petroleum Geology of the Persian Gulf, 707 p., Tehran University Press, 2009.
10
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11
Hampson, D., AVO Inversion, Theory and Practice, The Leading Edge, Vol.10, p. 39-42, 1991.
12
Hampson, D. P., Russell, B. H., and Bankhead, B., Simultaneous Inversion of Pre-stack Seismic Data, SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts, Society of Exploration Geophysicists, p. 1633-1637, 2005.
13
Karbalaali, H., Shadizadeh, S. R., and Riahi, M. A., Delineating Hydrocarbon Bearing Zones Using Elastic Impedance Inversion: A Persian Gulf Example, Iranian Journal of Oil and Gas Science and Technology, Vol.2, p. 8-19, 2013.
14
Mavko, G., Mukerji, T., and Dvorkin, J., The Rock Physics Handbook, Tools for Seismic Analysis of Porous Media, 511 p, Cambridge University Press, 2009.
15
Neep, J. P., Time-variant Colored Inversion and Spectral Bluing, in 69th EAGE Conference and Exhibition, 2007.
16
Ramos, A. C., Oliveira, A. S., and Tygel, M., The Impact of True Amplitude DMO on Amplitude Versus Offset, SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts, Society of Exploration Geophysicists, p. 832-835, 1999.
17
Russell, B. and Hampson, D., The Old and the New in Seismic Inversion, CSEG Recorder, Vol.31, p. 5-11, 2006.
18
Samba, C. P., Lu, H., and Mukhtar, H., Reservoir Properties Prediction Using Extended Elastic Impedance: The Case of Nianga Field of West African Congo Basin, Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology, Vol.7, p. 673-686, 2017.
19
Shuey, R., A Simplification of the Zoeppritz Equations, Geophysics, Vol.50, p. 609-614, 1985.
20
Simmons Jr, J. L., and Backus, M. M., Waveform-based AVO Inversion and AVO Prediction-error, Geophysics, Vol.61, p. 1575-1588, 1993.
21
Veeken, P. C. and Rauch-Davies, M., AVO Attribute Analysis and Seismic Reservoir Characterization, First Break, Vol.24, p. 41-52, 2006.
22
Verm, R. and Hilterman, F., Lithology Color-coded Seismic Sections: The Calibration of AVO Cross Plotting to Rock Properties, The Leading Edge, Vol.14, p. 847-853, 1995.
23
Whitcombe, D. N., Connolly, P. A., Reagan, R. L., and Redshaw, T. C., Extended Elastic Impedance for Fluid and Lithology Prediction, Geophysics, Vol.67, p. 63-67, 2002.
24
Xu, S. and White, R. E., A New Velocity Model for Clay-sand Mixtures, Geophysical prospecting, Vol.43, p. 91-118, 1995.
25
Yilmaz, Ö., Seismic Data Analysis: Processing, Inversion, and Interpretation of Seismic Data, 2030p, Society of Exploration Geophysicists Tulsa (USA), 2008.
26
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Occurrence and Distribution of Chrysene and its Derivatives in Crude Oils and Source Rock Extracts from Niger Delta, Nigeria
Crude oils and source rocks from the northern and offshore Niger Delta basin, Nigeria, have been characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in terms of their origin and thermal maturity based on the distribution of chrysene and its derivatives. The crude oils and source rocks were characterized by the dominance of chrysene over benzo[a]anthracene. 3-methylchrysene predominated over other methylchrysene isomers in the oils, while 3-methylchrysenes and 1-methylchrysenes were in higher abundance in the rock samples. The abundance and distribution of chrysene and its derivatives allow source grouping of the oils into three families. However, this grouping disagrees with the results obtained from well-established aromatic source grouping parameters. The maturity-dependent parameters computed from chrysene distributions (MCHR and 2- methylchrysene/1-methylchrysene ratios) indicated that the oils have a similar maturity status, while the rock samples are within an immature to early oil window maturity status, which was further supported by other maturity parameters computed from the saturate and aromatic biomarkers and vitrinite reflectance data. The abundance and distribution of chrysene and its derivatives were found to be effective in determining the thermal maturity of crude oil and source rock extracts in the Niger Delta basin, but they may not be a potential source-dependent biomarker in the crude oils and rock extracts from the basin.
https://ijogst.put.ac.ir/article_89936_d54e367782d77009701c29ce8e88ac49.pdf
2019-04-01
34
52
10.22050/ijogst.2018.128598.1454
Chrysene
Crude Oil
Niger Delta
Maturity
Correlation
Abiodun
Ogbesejana
abiodunogbesejana@gmail.com
1
Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State, Nigeria
LEAD_AUTHOR
Oluwadayo
Sonibare
sonibaredayo@yahoo.com
2
Professor, Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
AUTHOR
Zhong
Ningning
nnzhongxp@cup.edu.cn
3
Professor, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting, College of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, China
AUTHOR
Oluwasesan
Bello
obello@fudutsinma.edu.ng
4
Lecturer I, Department of Applied Chemistry, Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State, Nigeria
AUTHOR
Borrego, A. G., Blanco, C. G., and Pϋttmann, W., Geochemical Significance of the Aromatic Hydrocarbon Distribution in the Bitumens of the Puertollano Oil Shales, Spain, Organic Geochemistry Vol. 26, p. 219-228,1997.
1
Budzinski, H., Garrigues, P., Radke, M., Connan, J., and Oudin, J. L., Thermodynamic Calculations on Alkylated Phenanthrenes: Geochemical Applications to Maturity and Origin of Hydrocarbons. Organic Geochemistry, Vol. 20, p. 917-926, 1993a.
2
Budzinski, H., Garrigues, P., Radke, M., Connan, J., Rayez, J. C., and Rayez, M. T., Use of Molecular Modeling as a Tool to Evaluate Thermodynamic Stability of Alkylated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Energy and Fuels, Vol. 7, p. 505-511, 1993b.
3
Doust, H. and Omatsola, E., Niger Delta Divergent/Passive Margin Basins, AAPG Bull. Mem, Vol. 45, p. 201–238, 1990.
4
Drosos, J. C., Viola-Rhenals, M., and Vivas-Reyes, R., Quantitative Structure-retention Relationships of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Gas Chromatographic Retention Indices, Journal of Chromatography A, Vol. 1217, p. 4411-4421, 2010.
5
Ejedawe, J. E., Coker, S. J. L., Lambert-Aikhionbare, D. O., Alofe, K. B., and Adoh, F.O., Evolution of Oil-generative Window and Oil and Gas Occurrence in Tertiary Niger Delta Basin, AAPG Vol. 68, p. 1744-1751,1984.
6
Evamy, B. D., Haremboure, J., Kamerling, P., Knaap, W. A., Molloy, F. A., and Rowlands, P. H., Hydrocarbon Habitat of Tertiary Niger Delta, AAPG Bull, Vol. 62, p. 277–298, 1978.
7
Ekweozor, C. M. and Daukoru, C. M., Northern Delta Depobelt Portion of The Akata-Agbada Petroleum System, Niger Delta, Nigeria, in The Petroleum System from Source to Trap, AAPG Memoir, Vol. 60, p. 599-613,1994.
8
Fang, R., Li, M., Wang, T. G., Zhang, L., and Shi, S., Identification and Distribution of Pyrene, Methylpyrenes and their Isomers in Rock Extracts and Crude Oils, Organic Geochemistry, Vol. 83-84, p. 65-76, 2015.
9
Garrigues, P., De Sury, R., Angelin, M. L., Bellocq, J., Oudin, J. L., and Ewald, M., Relation of the Methylated Aromatic Hydrocarbon Distribution Pattern to the Maturity of Organic Matter in Ancient Sediments from Mahakam Delta, Geoochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 52, p. 375-384, 1988.
10
Garrigues, P., Oudin, J. L., Parlanti, E., Monin, J. C., Robcis, S., and Bellocq, J., Alkylated Phenanthrene Distribution in Artificially Matured Kerogens from Kimmeridge Clay and the Brent Formation (North Sea), Organic Geochemistry, Vol. 16, No. 1-3, p. 167-173, 1990.
11
Gilmour, I., Structural and Isotopic Analysis of Organic Matter in Carbonaceous Chondrites, in: Treatise on Geochemistry, Oxford, p. 269-290, 2003.
12
Grice, K., Nabbefeld, B., and Maslen, E., Source and Significance of Selected Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Sediments (Hovea-3 Well, Perth Basin, Western Australia) Spanning the Permian-Triassic Boundary, Organic Geochemistry, Vol. 38, p. 795-1803, 2007.
13
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14
Hu, L., Fuhrmann, A., Poelchau, H.S., Horsfield, B., Zhang, Z., Wu, T., Chen, Y., and Li, J., Numerical Simulation of Petroleum Generation and Migration in the Qingshui Sag, Western Depression of the Liaohe Basin, Northeast China, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin Vol.89, p. 1629-1649, 2005.
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18
Koopmans, M. P., De Leeuw, J. W., Lewan, M. D., and Sinninghe Damste, J. S., Impact of Dia- and Catagenesis on Sulphur and Oxygen Sequestration of Biomarkers as Revealed by Artificial Maturation of Immature Sedimentary Rock, Organic Geochemistry, Vol. 25, p. 391-426, 1996.
19
Kovats, E., Gas Chromatographiche Charakterisierung Organischer, Verbindungen Teil 1: Retentionindices Aliphatischer Halogenide, Alkohole, Aldehyde and Ketone, Helvetica Chimica Acta, Vol. 41, p. 1915-1932, 1958.
20
Kruge, A.M., Determination of Thermal Maturity and Organic Matter Type by Principal Components Analysis of the Distributions of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, International Journal of Coal Geology, Vol. 43, p. 27-51, 2000.
21
Laflamme, R. E. and Hites, R. E., The Global Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Recent Sediments, Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 42, p. 289-303, 1978.
22
Laflamme, R. E. and Hites, R. A., Tetra- and Pentacyclic, Naturally-occurring, Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Recent Sediments, Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 43, p. 1687-1691, 1979.
23
Lee, M. L., Vassilaros, D. L., White C. M., and Novotny, M., Retention Indices for Programmed-temperature Capillary-column Gas Chromatography of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Journal of Chromatography A, Vol. 51, p. 768-774, 1979.
24
Li, M., Wang, T. G., Simoneit, B. R. T., Shi, S., Zhang, L., and Yang, F., Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Dibenzothiophenes, its Methylated Homologues, and Benzonaphthothiophenes in Crude Oils, Coal and Sediment Extracts, Journal of Chromatography A, Vol. 1233, p. 126-136. 2012a.
25
Li, M., Shi, S., and Wang, T.G., Identification and Distribution of Chrysene, Methylchrysenes and their Isomers in Crude Oils and Rock Extracts, Organic Geochemistry, Vol. 52, p. 55-66, 2012b
26
Li, M., Zhong, N., Shi, S., Zhu, L., and Tang, Y., The Origin of Trimethyldibenzothiophene and their Application as Maturity Indicators in Sediments from the Liaohe Basin, East China, Fuel. Http://Dx.Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Fuel.2012.09.027, 2012c.
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Ma, A., Zhang, S., Zhang D., Liang, D., and Wang, F., Organic Geochemistry of TD-2 Well in Tarim Basin, Xinjiang Petroleum Geology, Vol. 26, p. 148-151, (In Chinese with English Abstract), 2005.
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Messenger, S., Amari, S., Gao, X., Walker, R. M., Clement, S. J., Chillier, X. D. F., Zare, R. N., and Lewis, R. S., Indigenous Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Circumstellar Graphite Grains from Primitive Meteorites, Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 501, p. 284-295, 1998.
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Mi, J., Zhang, S., Chen, J., Tang, L., and He, Z., The Distribution of the Oil Derived from Cambrian Source Rocks in Lunnan Area, the Tarim Basin, China, Chinese Science Bulletin, Vol. 52 (Supp. 1), p. 133-140, 2007.
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Mimura, K. and Toyama, S., Behavior of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons at Impact Shock: its Implication for Survival of Organic Materials Delivered to the Early Earth, Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 69, p. 201-209, 2005.
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Modica, R., Fiume, M., Guaitani, A., and Bartosek, I., Comparative Kinetics of Benzo [A] Anthracene, Chrysene and Triphenylene in Rats after Oral Administration: I. Study with Single Compounds, Toxicology Letters, Vol. 18, p. 103-109, 1983.
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Moore, R. J., Thorpe, R. E., and Mohaney, C. L., Isolation of Methylchrysene from Petroleum, Journal of The American Chemistry Society, Vol. 75, p. 2259,1953.
34
Myers, S. R. and Flesher, J. W., Metabolism of Chrysene, 5-Methylchrysene, 6-Methylchrysene and 5, 6-Dimethylchrysene in Rat Liver Cytosol, in Vitro, and in Rat Subcutaneous Tissue, in Vivo. Chemico-biological Interactions, Vol. 7, p. 203-221, 1991.
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36
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37
Tuttle, M. L. W., Charpentier, R. R., and Brownfield, M. E., Tertiary Niger Delta (Akata-Agbada) Petroleum System (No. 719201), Niger Delta Province, Nigeria, Cameroon, and Equatorial Guinea, Africa. A U.S. Geological Survey World Energy Assessment Project. <http://Greenwood.Cr.Usgs.Gov/Energy/, 1999.
38
Vassilaros, D. L., Kong, R. C., Later, D. W., and Lee, M. L., Linear Retention Index System for Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds: Critical Evaluation and Additional Indices, Journal of Chromatography A, Vol. 252, p. 1-20, 1982.
39
Whiteman, A., 1982, Nigeria: its Petroleum Geology, Resources and Potential: London, Graham and Trotman, 394 P.
40
Yunker, M. B., Macdonald, R. W., Vingarzan, R., Mitchell, R. H., Goyette, D., and Sylvestre, S., PAHs in the Fraser River Basin: A Critical Appraisal of PAH Ratios as Indicators of PAH Source and Composition, Organic Geochemistry, Vol. 33, p. 489-515, 2002.
41
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42
Yunker, M. B., Mclaughlin, F. A., Fowler, M. G., and Fowler, B. R., Source Apportionment of the Hydrocarbon Background in Sediment Cores from Hecate Strait, a Pristine Sea on the West Coast of British Columbia, Canada, Organic Geochemistry, Vol. 76, p. 235-258, 2014.
43
Zhang, S. and Huang, H., Geochemistry of Paleozoic Marine Petroleum from the Tarim Basin, NW China: Part 1, Oil Family Classification, Organic Geochemistry, Vol. 36, p. 1204-1214, 2005.
44
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
A Numerical Simulation Study on the Kinetics of Asphaltene Particle Flocculation in a Two-dimensional Shear Flow
In the current study, the kinetics of asphaltene particle flocculation is investigated under a shear flow through numerical simulation. The discrete element method (DEM) is coupled with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to model the agglomeration and fragmentation processes. In addition, a coalescence model is proposed to consider the attachment of colliding particles. The changes in mean asphaltene floc size, the particle size distribution (PSD) of asphaltene flocs over simulation time, and the average fractal dimension are presented. Moreover, the effect of fluid velocity on the kinetics of asphaltene flocculation is examined. The mean asphaltene floc size increases exponentially at first, and then the growth slows; finally, it ceases due to the establishment of a dynamic equilibrium between the agglomeration and fragmentation processes. As expected, asphaltene PSD’s move from fine to coarse sizes during the simulation. Log-normal distribution matches the PSDs best, which is in agreement with the nature of asphaltene. As fluid velocity increases, the dynamic equilibrium is attained more rapidly at a smaller mean floc size and higher average fractal dimension; furthermore, PSDs shift to smaller asphaltene floc sizes. The obtained average fractal dimensions of the asphaltene flocs are in the range of 1.65 to 1.74, which is compatible with the values reported in the literature. Eventually, a semi-analytical model is utilized to fit the simulation results. It is found out that the semi-theoretical model is capable of predicting the evolution of asphaltene particle size appropriately.
https://ijogst.put.ac.ir/article_89938_c894510f1c024675064af3da2ee6ffed.pdf
2019-04-01
53
72
10.22050/ijogst.2018.142463.1468
Asphaltene Flocculation
Kinetics
discrete element method
Computational Fluid Dynamics
Hadi
Bagherzadeh
hadi.bagherzadeh@aut.ac.ir
1
Ph.D. Candidate, Petroleum Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Zahra
Mansourpour
mansourp@ut.ac.ir
2
Assistant Professor, Chemical Engineering Department, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Bahram
Dabir
drbdabir@aut.ac.ir
3
Professor, Petroleum Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
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47
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Characterization of Liquid Bridge in Gas/Oil Gravity Drainage in Fractured Reservoirs
Gravity drainage is the main mechanism which controls the oil recovery from fractured reservoirs in both gas-cap drive and gas injection processes. The liquid bridge formed between two adjacent matrix blocks is responsible for capillary continuity phenomenon. The accurate determination of gas-liquid interface profile of liquid bridge is crucial to predict fracture capillary pressure precisely. The liquid bridge interface profile in the absence and in the presence of gravity is numerically derived, and the obtained results are compared with the measured experimental data. It is shown that in the presence of gravity, fracture capillary pressure varies across the fracture, whereas, by ignoring gravitational effects, a constant capillary pressure is obtained for the whole fracture. Critical fracture aperture which is the maximum aperture that could retain a liquid bridge was computed for a range of liquid bridge volumes and contact angles. Then, non-linear regression was conducted on the obtained dataset to find an empirical relation for the prediction of critical fracture aperture as a function of liquid bridge volume and contact angle. The computation of fracture capillary pressure at different liquid bridge volumes, fracture apertures, and contact angles demonstrates that if the liquid bridge volume is sufficiently small (say less than 0.5 microliters), capillary pressure in a horizontal fracture may reach values more than 0.1 psi, which is comparable to capillary pressure in the matrix blocks. The obtained results reveal that the variation of fracture capillary pressure versus bridge volume (which represents liquid saturation in fracture) obeys a trend similar to the case of matrix capillary pressure. Therefore, the capillary pressure of matrix can be applied directly to fractures considering proper modifications. The results of this study emphasize the importance of capillary continuity created by liquid bridges in the performance of gas-oil gravity drainage in fractured reservoirs.
https://ijogst.put.ac.ir/article_89940_b21d9af3a5c924ccd5f247f5a6a27038.pdf
2019-04-01
73
91
10.22050/ijogst.2018.140366.1465
Fractured Reservoir
Gravity Drainage
Capillary Continuity
liquid bridge
Fracture Capillary Pressure
Behrouz
Harimi
b.harimi90@gmail.com
1
Ph.D. Student, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohsen
Masihi
masihi@sharif.edu
2
Professor, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mohammad Hosein
Ghazanfari
ghazanfari@sharif.edu
3
Associate Professor, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Adamson A.W., Physical Chemistry of Surfaces, 4th Edition, John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1982.
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28
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Investigating the Effectiveness of a Composite Patch on Repairing Pipes Subjected to Circumferential Cracks under Combined Loadings
The purpose of this study is to investigate bending moment and the axial load capacity of a pressurized pipe suffering from a through-wall circumferential crack repaired by a composite sleeve. The three-dimensional finite element method (FEM) was adopted to compute the results, and the failure assessment diagram (FAD) was employed to investigate the failure behavior of the repaired pipe. The findings revealed that, for the investigated range of applied loads and angles of the crack, the interaction of brittle and ductile failure modes is negligible. Additionally, the yield strength of the cracked pipe was considered as reference stress to achieve a conservative design. Two cases of the combined loading state consisting of internal pressure/bending moment and internal pressure/axial tensile force were investigated. Repairing the crack under combined loadings using carbon-epoxy composites was studied where the influences of various parameters, including internal pressure, crack angle, and the composite patch thickness on the capacity of the cracked pipe to withstand bending moment and axial load were included. The results indicated that the bending moment and axial load capacities of the cracked pipe depend on internal pressure, crack angle, and the composite patch thickness; nevertheless, the crack angle is the main parameter. A composite sleeve can increase both bending moment and axial load capacity of the cracked pipe, but bending moment can be increased further than axial load. Using the composite patch to repair the cracked pipe caused the bending moment capacity to improve from 14.28% to 120%. On the other hand, the composite patch raised the axial load capacity from 5.1% to 93.5%. Additionally, an increase in the composite patch thickness caused the axial load capacity to extend more than bending load capacity.
https://ijogst.put.ac.ir/article_89941_f79c62a02ef0c2b7d9de832dc184c2f0.pdf
2019-04-01
92
106
10.22050/ijogst.2018.146737.1474
Cracked Pipe
Composite patch
Combined Loading
Circumferential Crack
Gholamreza
Rashed
g.rashed@put.ac.ir
1
Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Petroleum University of Technology, Abadan, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Hadi
Eskandari
hadi.nioc@gmail.com
2
Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Petroleum University of Technology, Abadan, Iran
AUTHOR
Ardeshir
Savari
savari.ardeshir@gmail.com
3
M.S. Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Petroleum University of Technology, Abadan, Iran
AUTHOR
Achour, Aida, Abdulmohsen Albedah, Faycal Benyahia, Bel Abbes Bachir Bouiadjra, and Djamel Ouinas, Analysis of Repaired Cracks with Bonded Composite Wrap in Pipes under Bending, Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology, Vol. 138, No. 6, p. 060909, 2016.
1
Anderson, T. L., Fracture Mechanics, Fundamentals and Applications, CRC Press, 2017.
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ANSYS, ANSYS Software and User Manual, ANSYS Inc., 2017.
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Atluri, S. N., Structural Integrity and Durability, Tech Science Press, 1997.
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Chan, P., Tshai, K., Johnson, M., and Li, S., Finite Element Analysis of Combined Static Loadings on Offshore Pipe Riser Repaired with Fibre-reinforced Composite Laminates, Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, Vol. 33, No. 6, p. 514-525, 2014.
6
Chen, J., and Pan, H., Stress Intensity Factor of Semi-elliptical Surface Crack in a Cylinder with Hoop Wrapped Composite Layer, International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping, Vol. 110, p. 77-81, 2013.
7
Duell, J., Wilson, J., and Kessler, M., Analysis of a Carbon Composite Overwrap Pipeline Repair System. International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping, Vol. 85, No. 11, p. 782-788,2008.
8
Hasegawa, K., Li, Y., and Osakabe, K., Combined Torsion and Bending Moments at Collapse for Pipes with Circumferentially Through-wall Crack, Paper Presented at The ICMFF10, 2013
9
Kaddouri, K., Ouinas, D., and Bouiadjra, B. B., FE Analysis of The Behavioor of Octagonal Bonded Composite Repair in Aircraft Structures. Computational Materials Science, Vol. 43, No. 4, p. 1109-1111,2008.
10
Lee, J. S., Ju, J. B., Jang, J. I., Kim, W. S., and Kwon, D. , Weld Crack Assessments in API X65 Pipeline: Failure Assessment Diagrams with Variations in Representative Mechanical Properties, Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 373, No. 1-2, p. 122-130,2004.
11
Meriem-Benziane, M., Abdul-Wahab, S. A., Merah, N., and Babaziane, B., Numerical Analysis of the Performances of Bonded Composite Repair with Adhesive Band in Pipeline API X65, Paper Presented at the Advanced Materials Research, 2014.
12
Meriem-Benziane, M., Abdul-Wahab, S. A., Zahloul, H., Babaziane, B., Hadj-Meliani, M., and Pluvinage, G., Finite Element Analysis of The Integrity of an API X65 Pipeline with A Longitudinal Crack Repaired with Single-and Double-bonded Composites, Composites Part B: Engineering, Vol. 77, p. 431-439, 2015.
13
Miki, C., Kobayashi, T., Oguchi, N., Uchida, T., Suganuma, A., and Katoh, A., Deformation and Fracture Properties of Steel Pipe Bend with Internal Pressure Subjected to In-plane Bending, Paper Presented at the Proceedings of the 12th World Conference of Earthquake Engineering. 2000.
14
Mohd, M. H., Lee, B. J., Cui, Y., and Paik, J. K., Residual Strength of Corroded Subsea Pipelines Subject to Combined Internal Pressure and Bending Moment, Ships and Offshore Structures, Vol. 10, No. 5, p. 554-564 ,2015.
15
Olsø, E., Nyhus, B., Østby, E., Berg, E., Holthe, K., Skallerud, B., and Thaulow, C., Effect of Embedded Defects in Pipelines Subjected to Plastic Strains during Operation, Paper Presented at the Eighteenth International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference,2008.
16
Ouinas, D., Achour, B., Bouiadjra, B. B., and Taghezout, N., The Optimization Thickness of Single/Double Composite Patch on the Stress Intensity Factor Reduction, Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, Vol. 32, No. 9, p. 654-663,2013.
17
Qian, X.,KI–T Estimation for Embedded Flaws in Pipes Part II: Circumferentially Oriented Cracks, International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping, Vol. 87, No. 4, p. 150-164, 2010.
18
Rose, L., Baker, A., and Jones, R., Bonded Repair of Aircraft Structures, Chapter Five AA Baker, R. Jones (Editions), Theoretical Analysis of Crack Patching, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, p. 81-82,1988.
19
Shim, D. J., Choi, J. B., and Kim, Y. J., Failure Strength Assessment of Pipes with Local Wall Thinning Under Combined Loading Based on Finite Element Analyses, Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology, Vol. 126, No. 2, p. 179-183,2004.
20
Shouman, A. and Taheri, F., An Investigation into the Behavior of Composite Repaired Pipelines under Combined Internal Pressure and Bending, Paper Presented at The ASME 2009 28th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering, 2009.
21
Stanton, P., Overview of Deepwater Drilling and Production Risers, in: Technip, 2006.
22
Zhu, X. K. and Leis, B. N., Evaluation of Burst Pressure Prediction Models for Line Pipes, International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping, Vol. 89, p. 85-97,2012.
23
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Synthesis and Implementation of Pebax/PEG 400/NH2-MIL125 Nanocomposite Membranes to Separate CO2/CH4
In the present study, the permeabilities of CO2 and CH4 in terms of ideal and actual CO2/CH4 selectivity were investigated through the synthesized membranes of poly (ether-block-amide) (Pebax 1657) accompanied with poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG 400) and NH2-MIL125 nanoparticles. NH2-MIL125 nanofillers were added to the blend of PEG 400 and Pebax 1657 at various weight fractions to fabricate polymeric nanocomposite membranes. Several analyses such as the crystalline structure of the synthesized membranes, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) were utilized to investigate the cross-sectional and surface morphology of the membranes; the formation of the chemical bonds was identified by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). This study presents the permeation of both pure and mixed gases ofmethane and carbon dioxide through Pebax 1657, Pebax/PEG blend, and the Pebax/PEG/NH2-MIL125 nanocomposite membranes in a pressure range of 2-8 bar and at ambient temperature. The findings demonstrated that the synthesized nanocomposite membranes had a positive effect on the separation performance in comparison with the membranes made of neat polymer and polymer blends.
https://ijogst.put.ac.ir/article_87844_b4027dcfc576ec74ecc615db613cdfb0.pdf
2019-04-01
107
127
10.22050/ijogst.2019.171324.1494
CO2/CH4 Separation
Pebax 1657 membrane
PEG
MOF
NH2-MIL125 nanoparticles
Cyrus
Fallahi
cyrus_falahi@yahoo.com
1
Ph.D. Candidate, Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Arak, Iran
AUTHOR
Sadegh
Moradi
s-morady@araku.ac.ir
2
Assistant Professor, Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Arak, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Reza
Masayebi Behbahani
behbahani@put.ac.ir
3
Professor, Gas Engineering Department, Petroleum University of Technology, P.O. Box 63431, Ahwaz, Iran
AUTHOR
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3
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25
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